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Ibn Duraid
Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn al-Hasan ibn Duraid al-Azdi, often known simply as Ibn Duraid ((アラビア語:ابن دريد الأزدي); 837 – 933 CE), was a famous Arab poet, lexicographer and philologist during the Abbasid era.〔Robert Gleave, ''Islam and Literalism: Literal Meaning and Interpretation in Islamic Legal Theory'', pg. 126. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2012. ISBN 9780748625703〕〔Abit Yaşar Koçak, Handbook of Arabic Dictionaries, pg. 23. Berlin: Verlag Hans Schiler, 2002. ISBN 9783899300215〕 He is best known for his early and influential dictionary of the Arabic language, ''Jamhara fi 'l-lugha'',〔Introduction to ''Early Medieval Arabic: Studies on Al-Khalīl Ibn Ahmad'', pg. xii. Ed. Karin C. Ryding. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1998. ISBN 9780878406630〕 which was only the second attempt in history to compose a comprehensive dictionary of the language.〔John A. Haywood, "Arabic Lexicography." Taken from ''Dictionaries: An International Encyclopedia of Lexicography'', pg. 2,441. Ed. Franz Josef Hausmann. Volume 5 of Handbooks of Linguistics & Communication Science, #5/3. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1991. ISBN 9783110124217〕〔A. Cilardo, "Preliminary Notes on the Meaning of the Qur'anic Term Kalala." Taken from ''Law, Christianity and Modernism in Islamic Society: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Congress of the Union Européenne Des Arabisants Et Islamisants Held at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven'', pg. 3. Peeters Publishers, 1998. ISBN 9789068319798〕
==Life==
Ibn Duraid was born at what was then called "Salih street" in Basra during the reign of the Abbasid caliph Al-Mu'tasim;〔〔〔Ibn Khallikan, ''Deaths of Eminent Men and History of the Sons of the Epoch'', vol. 3, pgs. 38 and 39. Ed. William McGuckin de Slane. Paris: Benjamin Duprat, 1845. Printed for the Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland.〕〔J. Pederson, ("Ibn Duraid." ) Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1st ed. Eds. M. Th. Houtsma, T.W. Arnold, R. Basset and R. Hartmann. Brill Online, 2013.〕 the year is sometimes given as 838.〔Cyril Elgood, ''A Medical History of Persia and the Eastern Caliphate: From the Earliest Times Until the Year A.D. 1932'', pg. 247. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010. ISBN 9781108015882〕 While his immediate tribe was Azd,〔〔Donald Hawley, ''Oman'', pg. 194. Jubilee edition. Kensington: Stacey International, 1995. ISBN 0905743636〕 he preferred to identify himself as a Qahtanite,〔 the larger confederacy of which Azd is a part. The modern-day descendants of his tribe are the Zahran tribe residing primarily in the Al Bahah Region of Saudi Arabia.〔Kathy Cuddihy, ''An A to Z of Places and Things Saudi'', pg. 6. London: Stacey International, 2001. ISBN 9781900988407〕 Here he was trained under various teachers, but fled in 871 to Oman at the time Basra was attacked by the Zanj,〔〔Ibn Khallikan, ''Deaths'', pg. 39 (without 38).〕 under Muhallabi. Surprisingly, Ibn Duraid was also said to have been a practicing physician though no works on medical science have survived.〔〔Harold Bowen, ''The Life and Times of 'Alí Ibn 'Ísà, 'the Good Vizier, pg. 277. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Archive, 1928.〕
After living twelve years in Oman he went to Persia,〔Ibn Khallikan, ''Deaths'', pg. 40.〕 then under the protection of the governor Abd-Allah Mikali and his sons, and wrote his chief works. Abd-Allah also hired Ibn Duraid as the director of the government office for Fars Province, though the latter donated the entirety of his salary to poor people each time it was paid, keeping almost nothing for himself while in Persia.〔 In 920 he went to Baghdad,〔〔 where he received a pension of fifty dinars a month from the caliph Al-Muqtadir in support of his literary activities which continued to his death.〔 While in Baghdad, Ibn Duraid was a personal acquaintance of Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari.〔Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari, History of the Prophets and Kings, vol. 1, pg. 79. Trns. Franz Rosenthal. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989. ISBN 9780887065637〕
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